【JLPT N2 Grammar】〜ことなく(~kotonaku)

Explanation:〜ことなく

Meaning
"〜ないで"

"without"
Used to indicate that something happens without performing a certain action. It is often used in formal contexts and emphasizes that an event or action was completed without interruption or without experiencing a particular situation.

Form
V(dictionary form)+ ことなく

Points

  1. Formal usage: "〜ことなく" is more formal than its casual equivalent "〜ないで."
  2. Without doing something: It expresses that one action occurs without the interference or occurrence of another action.
  3. Smooth completion: It often implies that the main action was carried out smoothly or continuously without the mentioned action.

JLPT Level
N2

Note
Frequently used in written language.



Sample sentenes

かれ土曜日どようび日曜日にちようびやすことなく毎日働まいにちはたらいている。
He works every day without taking a break, even on Saturdays and Sundays.

飛行機ひこうきおくれることなく時間通じかんどお出発しゅっぱつした。
The plane departed on time without any delay.

トムさんはだれにも相談そうだんすることなくくにかえってしまった。
Tom went back to his country without consulting anyone.

仕事しごとでトラブルがあって、あさまでやすことなくはたらつづけた。
Due to trouble at work, he continued working until morning without taking a break.

アンナさんはだれにも理由りゆうはなことなく学校がっこうをやめてしまった。
Anna left school without explaining the reason to anyone.

彼女かのじょまよことなく、そのみちえらんだ。
She chose that path without hesitation.

Vocabulary

Japanese
English
相談する そうだんする to consult

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